A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, is a surgical procedure that uses healthy stem cells to replace damaged or defective bone marrow. Bone marrow is important for the production of blood cells such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These stem cells might be obtained from your own body (autologous transplant) or from another person (allogeneic transplant).
Bone marrow transplant is commonly used to treat a number of diseases, including leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, as well as other blood and immune system disorders. In recent years, bone marrow transplants in India have witnessed major development, with roughly 2,500 bone marrow transplants performed each year.
The growth in bone marrow transplants in India is due to developments in medical technology and the availability of skilled doctors. Some of the best bone marrow transplant hospitals in India have the latest technology along with a team of experienced doctors dedicated to providing exceptional treatment to patients in need of bone marrow transplants.
Need for Bone Marrow Transplant
The production of important blood cells such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which play vital functions in oxygen transport, immune defense, and blood clotting, depends on bone marrow. A bone marrow transplant is necessary when one’s bone marrow is unable to function properly. This can be caused by a number of factors, including diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia, as well as the negative effects of cancer chemotherapy or radiation treatment. When other treatments have failed, bone marrow transplants may be performed, particularly for cases of cancer, blood disorders, and autoimmune diseases.
Conditions that benefit from Bone Marrow Transplant
Cancerous Diseases:
- Acute leukemia
- Chronic leukemia
- Myelodysplastic syndromes
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Multiple myeloma
- Neuroblastoma
Non-Cancerous Diseases:
- Aplastic anemia
- Sickle cell anemia
- Thalassemia
- Immune deficiencies
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Plasma cell disorders
- POEMS syndrome
- Primary amyloidosis
Other Conditions:
- Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
- Myelofibrosis
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Germ cell tumors
- Sarcoma
- Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus
- Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
- Testicular germ cell tumors (recurrent)
Types of Bone Marrow Transplant
- Autologous Transplant: This type of transplant uses the patient’s own stem cells. Stem cells are taken from the patient and stored before high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment. After the completion of the intensive therapy, the preserved stem cells are put back into the patient’s body. This procedure attempts to restore the immune system and promote the production of healthy blood cells.
- Allogeneic Transplant: Allogeneic transplants use stem cells from a different person, known as the donor. A perfect genetic match between the donor and the patient is essential for the success of a bone marrow transplant. In the majority of cases, a sibling match is an ideal donor, but if one is not available, parents, children, or even unrelated individuals from donor registries can be good matches. Allogeneic transplants include several subtypes:
- Complete Matched Sibling Donor BMT
- Haplo-identical BMT ( Half match )
- Unrelated Donor BMT (MUD)
- Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant: This method includes the extraction of stem cells from a newborn baby’s umbilical cord immediately after birth. These collected stem cells are then stored for future use. Because of the immaturity of umbilical cord blood cells, an exact match is less important. However, because of the decreased amount of stem cells, recovery from this type of transplant may take longer.
Risks associated with Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant
An autologous bone marrow transplant, also known as an AUTO transplant has certain risks and side effects. These risks can vary depending on a person’s overall health, and the type of chemotherapy and radiation used. The following are some of the most common risks linked with autologous bone marrow transplants:
- Infection
- Nausea and vomiting
- Mouth sores
- Appetite loss and taste changes
- Fatigue
- Hair loss
- Low platelet levels (increasing bleeding risk)
- Low red blood cell counts
- Weight loss
Long-Term Side Effects:
- Infertility
- Cataracts (cloudy vision)
- Sexual health problems
- Early menopause
- Thyroid problems
- Lung damage
- Bone damage
- Development of another type of cancer
Risks associated with Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant
Allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a complex medical procedure used to treat a number of hematological and immune system diseases. While it has the potential to save lives, there are numerous risks involved with the procedure.
- Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD): This is a fatal complication in which the donor’s immune cells attack the recipient’s healthy tissues. GVHD can cause symptoms such as rashes, diarrhea, and jaundice by affecting the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.
- Graft Failure: Sometimes the donor bone marrow does not successfully engraft, which means it fails to produce enough blood cells to supply blood to the recipient’s body. This may necessitate a second transplant or other procedures.
- Infection
- Bleeding
- Organ Damage
- Pulmonary Complications
- Infertility
- Secondary Cancers
- Long-Term Complications: Patients may develop long-term side effects such as chronic GVHD, hormone abnormalities, and cognitive difficulties, which can have a major impact on their quality of life.
Preparations before a Bone Marrow Transplant
- Medical Evaluation: When deciding if a bone marrow transplant is right for you, your doctor will examine your overall health, including your heart, lungs, liver, and other organs.
- Central Venous Catheter: A central venous catheter is inserted into a vein in your chest a few days before the transplant. This tube is used to collect blood samples and provide medication during and after treatment.
- Cell Collection: The method of collecting cells depends on the type of transplant:
- For Autologous Transplants: Stem cells are extracted from your hip bone with a needle. This process takes about 1-2 hours and can make you sore for a few days.
- For Allogenic Transplants: Stem cells are obtained from a matched donor, who could be a family member or a stranger who shares the same cell proteins. Donors go through a similar procedure, and in some situations, umbilical cord blood cells might be used to treat infants.
- Pre-Treatment: Before the transplant, you may be given chemotherapy or radiation to remove cancer or dangerous bone marrow cells.
- Ablative (myeloablative) treatment consists of administering high-dose chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both of them to kill cancer cells.
- Reduced-intensity treatment, often known as a mini transplant, uses lesser dosages of chemotherapy and radiation as a precursor to the transplant procedure. This technique is particularly beneficial for older people or those with prior health concerns.
Collection of Stem Cells for Bone Marrow Transplant
- Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSCs): They are collected using a specialized machine that is attached to the donor’s arms through needles. Blood is collected from one arm and with the use of a machine, crucial stem cells are separated. Donors are sometimes given medications that help them in getting more stem cells into their bloodstream.
- Bone Marrow Harvest: This procedure is performed when the donor is asleep and doesn’t feel any pain. The stem cells are extracted from the soft center of bones, commonly the hip or sternum. This procedure is used more rarely nowadays, mostly in certain situations.
Selection of a suitable Donor for Bone Marrow Transplant
Choosing a suitable donor for a BMT is an essential step in ensuring the procedure’s success. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tissue type plays a vital role in this process. The HLA antigens on the surface of white blood cells determine a person’s immune system genetics, and while there are many HLA antigens, only a few of them are important to evaluate compatibility.
Doctors search for a genetic match to find a potential donor, usually starting with the patient’s immediate family, such as siblings, who have a 1 in 4 chance of being a full match due to shared chromosomes. On the other hand, unrelated donors can be found through national bone marrow registries. The greater the antigen matches between the donor and recipient, the higher the probability of successful engraftment.
During a Bone Marrow Transplant
The first step in a bone marrow transplant is conditioning, which typically comprises 10 days of high-dose chemotherapy along with radiation therapy. This procedure makes room in the bone marrow for new stem cells while temporarily weakening the immune system to prevent it from fighting newly introduced cells. Nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and other symptoms are possible, but medications can help manage them.
After the conditioning phase, the patient receives new blood stem cells through the central venous catheter. This procedure can take several hours. During this important period, providers actively watch for any side effects like fever or chills. Whether donated or one’s own stem cells are used, the procedure’s goal is to achieve successful engraftment, in which the new cells start growing in the bone marrow.
After a Bone Marrow Transplant
Recovery time after a BMT may range from several months to a year. Engraftment, the step at which newly transplanted stem cells begin creating new, healthy blood cells, usually occurs between 10 and 28 days after transplantation. Patients may experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in the days following the transplant, which can be treated with medicines and fluid replacement. Pre-treatment chemotherapy decreases the immune system, needing isolation in a cleaner environment with limited contact to prevent infections.
Immunosuppressive medicine is used to reduce the possibility of the body rejecting donor cells. Transfusions of red blood cells and platelets may also be required. The path to full recovery is unique to each patient and is impacted by a variety of factors such as the underlying illness, chemotherapy, donor match, and the site of the transplant.
Success Rate of Bone Marrow Transplant in India
Bone marrow transplant success rate in India ranges from 60% to 85%. Patients receiving allogeneic transplants for non-malignant diseases achieve success rates of 70% to 90% with a related match and 36% to 65% with an unrelated donor. This combination of low costs and high success rates makes India a great choice for patients seeking bone marrow transplant.
Bone Marrow Transplant Cost in India
The cost of a bone marrow transplant in India varies according to the hospital’s type and location, the doctor’s experience, the patient’s condition, and the need for additional care. The amount of time of hospitalization and post-operative care can also have an impact on the entire cost of a bone marrow transplant in India.
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant: $12,000 to $24,000
Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant: $24,000 to $37,500
Best deltin7s for Bone Marrow Transplant in India
The best bone marrow transplant hospitals in India provide excellent medical care, the latest technology, and complete services to patients undergoing this essential treatment. Patients can expect a successful treatment, from pre-transplant evaluations through post-transplant recovery, making these hospitals among the top options for bone marrow transplantation in India.
- Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon
- Sanar International deltin7, Gurgaon
- Medanta – The Medicity, Gurgaon
- Indraprastha Apollo deltin7, Delhi
- Max Super Speciality deltin7, Delhi
- Artemis deltin7, Gurgaon
- BLK Super Speciality deltin7, Delhi
- BGS Gleneagles deltin7, Bangalore
- Marengo Asia deltin7, Gurgaon
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani deltin7, Mumbai
- Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai
Best Doctors for Bone Marrow Transplant in India
The best bone marrow transplant doctors in India are known for their skills and years of expertise in this specialized field of medicine. These top BMT doctors in India have a track record of successful transplants and continue to give the best treatment to patients with hematological diseases.
- Dharma Chaudhary- Sanar International deltin7, Gurgaon
- Gaurav Kharya – Indraprastha Apollo deltin7s, Gurgaon
- Satya Prakash Yadav – Medanta – The Medicity, Gurgaon
- Pravas Chandra Mishra – Max Super Speciality deltin7
- Rahul Bhargava – Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon
- Dr Pawan Kumar singh – BLK max hospital, Delhi.
- Dr Lalit Kumar – Artemis deltin7, Gurugram.
- Dr Dinesh Bhurani – BLK max hospital, New Delhi.
- Rahul Naithani – Paras deltin7 , Gurugram
